Monthly Archives: August 2009

Media Fragment addressing into a live stream

A few months back, Thomas reported on a cool flumotion experiment that he hacked together which allows jumping back in time on a live video stream.

Thomas used a URI scheme with a negative offset to do the jumping back on the http stream:
http://localhost:8800?offset=-120

John left a comment pointing to current work being done in the W3C on Media Fragment addressing, but had to notice that despite Annodex’s temporal URIs having a live stream addressing feature, the new W3C draft didn’t accommodate such a use case.

We got to work in the working group and I am very happy to announce that as of today there is now a draft specification for addressing time offsets by wall-clock time.

Say, you are watching Thomas’ live stream from above at http://localhost:8800 and you want to jump back by 2 min. Your player would grab the current streaming time, e.g. 2009-08-26T12:34:04Z and subtract the two minutes, giving 2009-08-26T12:32:04Z. Then the player would use this to tell your streaming server to jump back by two minutes using this URL:
http://localhost:8800#t=clock:2009-08-26T12:32:04Z.

Or another example would be: you had a stream running all day from a conference and you want to go back to a particular session. You know that it was between 10am and 11am German time (UTC+2 right now). Then your URL would be as follows:
http://conference:8800#t=clock:2009-08-26T10:00+02:00,2009-08-26T11:00+02:00

Now if only there was an implementation… 🙂

ARIA – A Brief Introduction

Since working on video accessibility, I have felt rather inadequate not knowing exactly how general Web accessibility works, in particular ARIA. I have been pointed at the W3C WAI-ARIA primer, best practices, and WD specification, but found them almost impossible to read.

If you are looking for a document that gets right to the point, I can recommend Opera’s Introduction to WAI ARIA. It tells you what attributes there are and how to use them. More in-depth information is available in the W3C WAI-ARIA best practices. Here’s my little summary of what I learnt.

Getting straight to the point: ARIA mostly cares about giving screen control to the keyboard (away from the mouse) and about exposing semantic information, such that vision-impaired people have a way to interact with Web content and screen readers can read out useful information.

Basic keys
The basic keys in use for accessibility are the tab/shift+tab, arrow, enter, space and escape keys.

Keyboard Focus: tabbing
Normal tabbing includes form controls and anchors. This can be overruled with the tabindex attribute.

Adding a tabindex=0 to an element adds the element to the tab order in which it appears in the document. Adding a tabindex out of [1;32767] you can place any element into a desired order – lowest numbers first.

Adding a tabindex=-1 to an element removes it from tabbing order, but you can still get keyboard focus onto it through javascript, e.g. for the subelements of a menu. The aria-activedescendant attribute can tell which is active in a list of descendants.

Navigation Landmarks: roles
Screenreaders have a problem with expressing what the functionality of elements is – normally they can only read out the name of the element.

This is where the role attribute comes in. It provides semantic meaning, e.g. “slider” instead of “input” element.

ARIA has a large number of pre-defined roles. They are listed in the spec – each role has additional attributes to provide more assistive information – mostly state information on the particular element.

Live updated content: aria-live
When data is updated somewhere on screen, often assistive technology doesn’t get to know about it.

Regions that are marked with the aria-live attribute will be read out even if the user is focused on another part of the screen at that point.

Form input: aria-reqired
For screen readers it is not obvious if a form element’s entry is a required or optional entry. Add an aria-required attribute to the form entry element and your screen reader will tell you.

Labels and descriptions: aria-labelledby / aria-describedby
Most often the description or label for a page area sits already elsewhere on screen, but with no obivous relationship to an element other than visible neighbourship.

A screenreader can be told about the relationship by using the aria-labelledby / aria-describedby attributes, which allow to link to such an area through that area’s id attribute.

Is that all?
Yes, I think that’s essentially all. It’s not particularly difficult, but it has a high impact on accessibility. I hope your take-away is as big as mine!

BTW: WAI ARIA is written for good old HTML4, not HTML5. However, there are synchronisation activities under way and WAI ARIA attributes will still be relevant to HTML5. Some of the roles will become unnecessary with the new elements available in HTML5 – see a draft mapping of HTML5 elements to ARIA implicit roles in Henry’s excellent document, but it seems the tabbing order, live regions, and the role attribute are here to stay.

Jumping to time offsets in HTML5 video

For many years now I have been progressing a deeper view of video on the Web than just as a binary blob. We need direct access to time offsets and sections of videos.

Such direct access can be achieved either by providing a javascript interface through which a video’s playback position can be controlled, or by using URLs that directly communicate with the Web server about controlling the playback position. I will explain the approaches that can be applied on the HTML5 <video> tag for such deep video interaction.

Controlling a video’s playback with javascript

currentTime

Right now, you can use the video element’s “currentTime” property to read and set the current playback position of a video resource. This is very useful to directly jump between different sections in the video, such as exemplified in the BBC’s recent R&D TV demo. To jump to a time offset in a video, all you have to do in javascript is:


var video = document.getElementsByTagName("video")[0];
video.currentTime = starttimeoffset;

timeupdate

Further, if you want to stop playback at a certain time point, you can use another functionality of the HTML5 <video> tag: the “timeupdate” event:


video.addEventListener("timeupdate", function() {
if (video.currentTime >= endtimeoffset) {
video.pause();
}}, false);

When the “timeupdate” event fires, which is supposed to happen at a min resolution of 250ms, you can catch the end of your desired interval fairly accurately.

setTimeout / setInterval

Alternatively to using the “timeupdate” event that is provided by the <video> tag, there is always the possibility of using the javascript “setTimeout” or “setInterval” functions:


setTimeout(video.pause(), (endtimeoffset - starttimeoffset)*1000);

The “setTimeout” function is used to call a function or evaluate an expression after a specified number of milliseconds. So, you’d have to call this straight after starting the playback at the given starttimeoffset.

If instead you wanted something to happen at a frequent rate in parallel to the video playback (such as check if you need to display a new ad or a new subtitle), you could use the javascript setInterval function:


setInterval( function() {displaySubtitle(video.currentTime);}, 100);

The “setInterval” function is used to call a function or evaluate an expression at the specified intervall. So, in the given example, every 100ms it is tested whether a new subtitle needs to be displayed for the video current playback time.

Note that for subtitles it makes a lot more sense to use the existing “timeupdate” event of the video rather than creating a frequenty setInterval interrupt, since this will continue calling the function until clearInterval() is called or the window is closed. Also, the BBC found in experiments with Firefox that “timeupdate” is more accurate than polling the “currentTime” regularly.

Controlling a video’s playback through a URL

There are some existing example implementations that control a video’s playback time through a URL.

In 2001, in the Annodex project we proposed temporal URIs and implemented the spec for Ogg content. This is now successfully in use at Metavid.org, where it is very useful since Metavid handles very long videos where direct access to subsections is critical. A URL such as http://metavid.org/wiki/Stream:Senate_proceeding_02-13-09/0:05:40/0:47:29 work well to directly view that segment.

More recently, YouTube rolled out a URI scheme to directly jump to an offset in a YouTube video, e.g. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PjDw3azfZWI#t=31m09s. While most YouTube content is short form, and such direct access may not make much sense for a video of less than 2 min duration, some YouTube content is long enough to make this a very useful feature.

You may have noticed that the YouTube use of URIs for jumping to offsets is slightly different to the one used by Metavid. The YouTube video will be displayed as always, but the playback position in the video player changes based on the time offset. The Metavid video in contrast will not display a transport bar for the full video, but instead only present the requested part of the video with an appropriate localised keyframe.

Having realised the need for such URLs, the W3C created a Media Fragments working group.

Proposed Time schemes

For temporal addressing, it currently proposes the following schemes:


t=10,20
t=npt:10,20
.
t=120s,121.5s
t=npt:120,0:02:01.5
.
t=smpte-30:0:02:00,0:02:01:15
t=smpte-25:0:02:00:00,0:02:01:12.1
.
t=clock:20090726T111901Z,20090726T121901Z

If there is no time scheme given, it defaults to “npt”, which stands for “normal playback time”. It is basically a time offset given in seconds, but can be provided in a few different formats.

If a “smpte” scheme is given, the time code is provided in the way in which DVRs display time codes, namely according to the SMPTE timecode standard.

Finally, a “clock” time scheme can be given. This is relevant in particular to live streaming applications, which would like to provide a URL under which a live video is provided, but also allow the user to jump back in time to previously streamed data.

Fragments and Queries

Further, the W3C Media Fragment Working Group is discussing the use of both URI addressing schemes for time offsets: fragments (“#”) and queries (“?”).

The important difference is that queries produce a new resource, while fragments provide a sub-resource.

This means that if you load a URI such as http://www.example.org/video.ogv?t=60,100 , the resulting resource is a video of duration 40s. Since relates to the full resource, it is possible to expect from the user agent (i.e. web browser) to display a timeline of 60-100 rather than 0-40 – after all, the browser could just get this out of the URL. However, it is essentially a new resource and could therefore just be regarded as a different video.

If instead you load a URI such as http://www.example.org/video.ogv#t=60,100, the user agent recognizes http://www.example.org/video.ogv as the resource and knows that it is supposed to display the 40s extract of that resource. Using no special server support, the browser could just implement this using the currentTime and timeUpdate javascript functionality.

An optimisation should, however, be made on this latter fragment delivery such that a user does not have to wait until the full beginning of the resource is downloaded before playback starts: Web servers should be expected to implement a server extension that can deal with such offsets and then deliver from the time offset rather than the beginning of the file.

How this is communicated to the server – what extra headers or http communication mechanisms should be used – is currently under discussion at the W3C Media Fragments working group.

Amusement at WHATWG

This is not a technical post, but it made my day, so I thought I should share it.

For two years, the WHATWG has had an open twitter account: anyone who wanted to post a status message on WHATWG could just got to http://www.whatwg.org/#updater and update the twitter status.

For two years, the script kiddies didn’t find the account.

They discovered it about 12 hours ago. Check it out at http://twitter.com/WHATWG before twitter’s history eliminates the posts again.

Here are some of the “jewels” posted:

“WHATWG: We’re only half as evil as we seem.”

“The HXTML 2.0 spec has been finalized with only one tag which is <text>.”

“W3C issues announcement: Internet Explorer to be made obsolete. From fall onwards, IE6 and IE7 will be blocked from browsing the internet”

“I hope the script kiddies realizes that no one cares what is posted to the WHATWG twitter account”

“<audio><video><disco>”

“Our whole team of security experts was just fired.”

“i want <isitfriday> tag…” (me too!!)

“XHTML 2.0 FOREVER!”

“WHATWG announce working group on emoticons. Homer says (_8(|) ~doh!”

“WHATWG to start work on “Bible5″ http://bit.ly/TwZcX” (this is actually old, but still golden)

Enjoy!

The different aspects of video accessibility

In the last week, I have received many emails replying to my request for feedback on the video accessibility demo. Thanks very much to everyone who took the time.

Interestingly, I got very little feedback on the subtitles and textual audio annotation aspects of my demo, actually, even though that was the key aspect of my analysis. It’s my own fault, however, because I chose a good looking video player skin over an accessible one.

This is where I need to take a step back and explain about the status of HTML5 video and its general accessibility aspects. Some of this is a repetition of an email that I sent to the W3C WAI-XTECH mailing list.

Browser support of HTML5 video

The HTML5 video tag is still a rather new tag that has not been implemented in all browsers yet – and not all browsers support the Ogg Theora/Video codec that my demo uses. Only the latest Firefox 3.5 release will support my demo out of the box. For Chrome and Opera you will have to use the latest nightly build (which I am not even sure are publicly available). IE does not support it at all. For Safari/Webkit you will need the latest release and install the XiphQT quicktime component to provide support for the codec.

My recommendation is clearly to use Firefox 3.5 to try this demo.

Standardisation status of HTML5 video

The standardisation of the HTML5 video tag is still in process. Some of the attributes have not been validated through implementations, some of the use cases have not been turned into specifications, and most importantly to the topic of interest here, there have been very little experiments with accessibility around the HTML5 video tag.

Accessibility of video controls

Most of the comments that I received on my demo were concerned with the accessibility of the video controls.

In HTML5 video, there is a attribute called @controls. If it is available, the browser is expected to display default controls on top of the video. Here is what the current specification says:

“This user interface should include features to begin playback, pause playback, seek to an arbitrary position in the content (if the content supports arbitrary seeking), change the volume, and show the media content in manners more suitable to the user (e.g. full-screen video or in an independent resizable window).”

In Firefox 3.5, the controls attribute currently creates the following controls:

  • play/pause button (toggles between the two)
  • slider for current playback position and seeking (also displays how much of the video has currently been downloaded)
  • duration display
  • roll-over button for volume on/off and to display slider for volume
  • FAIK fullscreen is not currently implemented

Further, the HTML5 specification prescribes that if the @controls attribute is not available, “user agents may provide controls to affect playback of the media resource (e.g. play, pause, seeking, and volume controls), but such features should not interfere with the page’s normal rendering. For example, such features could be exposed in the media element’s context menu.”

In Firefox 3.5, this has been implemented with a right-click context menu, which contains:

  • play/pause toggle
  • mute/unmute toggle
  • show/hide controls toggle

When the controls are being displayed, there are keyboard shortcuts to control them:

  • space bar toggles between play and pause
  • left/right arrow winds video forward/back by 5 sec
  • CTRL+left/right arrow winds video forward/back by 60sec
  • HOME+left/right jumps to beginning/end of video
  • when focused on the volume button, up/down arrow increases/decreases volume

As for exposure of these controls to screen readers, Mozilla implemented this in June, see Marco Zehe’s blog post on it. It implies having to use focus mode for now, so if you haven’t been able to use keyboard for controlling the video element yet, that may be the reason.

New video accessibility work

My work is actually meant to take video accessibility a step further and explore how to deal with what I call time-aligned text files for video and audio. For the purposes of accessibility, I am mainly concerned with subtitles, captions, and audio descriptions that come in textual form and should be read out by a screen reader or made available to braille devices.

I am exploring both, time-aligned text that comes within a video file, but also those that are available as external Web resources and are just associated to the video through HTML. It is this latter use case that my demo explored.

To create a nice looking demo, I used a skin for the video player that was developed by somebody else. Now, I didn’t pay attention to whether that skin was actually accessible and this is the source of most of the problems that have been mentioned to me thus far.

A new, simpler demo

I have now developed a new demo that uses the default player controls which should be accessible as described above. I
hope that the extra button that I implemented for the menu with all the text tracks is now accessible through a screen reader, too.

UPDATE: Note that there is currently a bug in Firefox that prevents tabbing to the video element from working. This will be possible in future.